What Makes A Teacher - 846 Words

A person who teaches, especially in a school; noun (Google, 2016.) Google gives a very obvious definition to the question What is a teacher? However, those of us who have had an experience with teachers know they re much more than someone who instructs. They are mentors, encouragers and educators. Each of these are far more in depth than an instructor. Everyone has, or will have, a person who becomes a mentor in their life. Whether it s a sibling, a teammate or a teacher, a mentor has a way of impacting our lives so that they aren t ever forgotten. Mentors give those they mentor advice from their own life experieince. When I was a sophomore in high school my brother s fiance was a passanger with a drunk driver. After a bad crash and being thrown from the vehicle, she died on impact. Then, two plus years after her death it went to trial. Reliving the tragedy for three straight days took more strength than I thought I had. Lucky for me, I had a geography teacher who noticed the change and took action. He gave me advice on how to handle the sitution, especially with academics. He told me about a few of his own tragedies and how he had managed them. Without his advice my life outside of class may have gotten the best of me, and could have easily effected me on an academic level, along side an obvious emotional level. It was Mr. Wells experiences, what he learned from them and the advice he then gave that made it so apparant to me that teachers are far more thanShow MoreRelated Teachers Make It What It Is1012 Words   |  5 PagesTeachers Make It What It Is Inclusion is the integration of the students with special educational needs into the regular education setting. This idea has been spreading across the country where children are no longer being separated due to their needs. But how does this make the teachers feel? One might think that popular opinion would be that it makes it less difficult for them to teach and they do now get to spend the time that they would want to with the â€Å"normal† students, and some do. ButRead MoreWhat Makes A Teacher?1132 Words   |  5 Pages Anyone can ask someone why they want to be a teacher. The answer could be very simple. They would answer something along the lines of they enjoy working with children. However, there is a variety of different of occupations that give someone the opportunity to work with children, but what truly attracted me to Early Childhood Education? Anyone can say that children are super cute, or goofy. Of course that is benefit, that is not what attracted me to this field. When I look at a child I see so muchRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Teacher?847 Words   |  4 Pagesqualities of her teachers and few negative qualities. Today that is no longer the case. The majority of Wethersfield teachers fail to maintain children’s attention and provide an entertaining classroom. Many teachers do not accommodate their teaching to the way the brain requires learning. There are some teachers however, who do display traits of excellent teaching similar to Rafe Esquith. These teachers take into account everything that we’ve learned is required of a good teacher. One of my favoriteRead MoreEssay on What Makes an Effective Teacher?1296 Words   |  6 Pagesacademic and life achievements, their teachers play a large role. A teacher’s ability to relate to their students, and teach them to achieve both socially and academically contributes to how effective they are. What does it mean to be an effective teacher? Overall there seems to be an emphasis on teacher effectiveness related to how well their students are performing on standardized testing. As teachers we know there is more to being an effective teacher then just teaching our students basedRead MoreWhat makes a good teacher? Essay994 Words   |  4 Pagesmy opinion, a good teacher should be one who puts her heart into teaching. This is because only by doing so will the students feel their passion and hard work. When a teacher strives hard for the students, students will put in their effort as well. If a teacher dislikes her job, goes to classes in a bad mood, her teaching would also be affected and students would not be able to enjoy lessons as well. Another point that makes a good teacher would be his/her patience. Teachers should not get upsetRead MoreWhat Makes Me An Outstanding Teacher?783 Words   |  4 Pagesthe truth is, it’s not me, there is something bigger at stake here, something larger driving this machine. That thing is Purpose, Purpose in fact is what makes me an outstanding teacher. I am purposed to be at my school, in my room, with my students and we have a calling to fulfill, we all understand this and that too makes me an outstanding teacher. The rewards I find in teaching are tantamount, just today a student said to me â€Å"I used to hate Social Studies but now I love it† eight days in and they’reRead MoreWhat Makes An Effective Teacher Effective?858 Words   |  4 PagesEducation 2000 What Makes an Effective Teacher Effective â€Å"When educating the minds of our youth, we must not forget to educate their hearts,† This quote by the Dalai Lama truly shows what a teacher must do to be effective. It takes a very special person to be a teacher, teachers work with the leaders of tomorrow. There are many basic things as well that teachers must do to be highly effective according to the Utah Effective Teaching Standards. First a teacher must be understandingRead MoreWhat Makes a Good Teacher Essay example1526 Words   |  7 Pagessince then there have been many changes and advances in the field of education. These changes include everything from how to treat students in the classroom, to what to teach students, and which students were deemed fit to be educated. Another area, in which this profession has undertaken growth and development, is the qualities that teacher need to possess in order for them to become more effective in the education of their students. In this paper I will discuss the qualities t hat are necessary forRead MoreWhat Makes An Ideal Candidate For Teacher Fellows?826 Words   |  4 Pages 2. What makes your instructor an ideal candidate for Teacher Fellows? Please describe the training, skills, attitude, effort or systems that make this person an effective educator and leader. I believe there a several contributing factors that matter most in teaching youth, and one of them is getting the right person to teach. We have found an effective and engaging teacher for our students when we hired Jeanne to teach our Healthcare Bridge program. Her background as a chiropractic physicianRead MoreWhat Makes Elementary School Teachers Special Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesA hundred years from now, it will not matter what kind of car I drove, what kind of house I lived in, how much money I had in the bank...but the world may be a better place because I made a difference in the life of a child.† –Forest Witcraft (Professor of Denison University and Boy Scout administrator) There are not many people that are able to say this. However, the profession of being an elementary school teacher gives the teacher the satisfaction of being able to have one of the most emotionally

Short Story - 1143 Words

â€Å"Here is how it works, when you sit in the driver’s seat of the sleigh, and you’re holding the reigns you can will the reindeer to any place you want to go, Sly said. Just as you did when you move Orrie from the top of the lab and back again.† â€Å"I think I would like to give that a try,† Santa said, as he set his tea cup down on the table. Reaching over to put his cup down, Sylvester hopped out of the chair. Looking up at Santa, he said, â€Å"Give Pete and me about a half hour to get things ready, and you can do it this morning.† Standing, Santa said, â€Å"I’ll change into my traveling suit and meet you at the barn. Walking into the office or tack room of the barn, Santa, now dressed in a blue suit with a dark gray†¦show more content†¦Stepping back, Pet looks at Santa and said, â€Å"They’re all yours.† â€Å"Okay,† Santa said, â€Å"Open the doors so we can be on our way.† Bracing his feet against the front of the sleigh, his back, pressing against the back of the seat, he is now ready to fly. Looking at Sly and Pete, now standing about an arms length from the sleigh. Santa nods his head when Pete signaled the doors are open and he can now start his journey. Holding the reigns about chest high Santa looks at the reindeer. Flicking the reigns up and down he calls out, â€Å"On Dancer, On Prancer, On Vixen, and Cupid, let’s fl y through the air like a bolt of lighting.† Running just a short distance, the first two animals lifted off the ground. Then in a bat of an eye, all eight animals and the sleigh were airborne. Rising higher and faster, they were almost out of sight when Sly and Pete saw a light in the sky. Pointing to a spot in the sky the excited reindeer wrangler asked, â€Å"Did you see that? It looked like a five-pointed star folded inward.† â€Å"That’s what I thought,† the Wizard said. â€Å" Taking another look at the sky Pete turned to walk into the barn leaving the outside doors open. â€Å"Well,† Sly said, as the two walked back out of the barn. We have time, so let’s walk down to the coffee shop and get a cup of coffee and a goodie.† â€Å"The cafe by the factory is closer,† Pete said. â€Å"I know,† Sly says, but I need the exercise, and, besides, I like their coffeeShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesà ¯ » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Cruise holidays (written for Punyabhumi Ltd) Free Essays

string(407) " access to the onboard swimming pool, Jacuzzi and gym, and live entertainment shows in exquisite lounge areas on the ship, which has a professional live band if you want to add to the music of the waves! Air Travel Madras also offers special seasonal discounts; for example, the Valentine’s Day discount is for cruises booked up to March 1st, and gives you an attractive 50% off on your partner’s fare\." If your kids or grandchildren have been raving about the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow at sea, then maybe it’s time you discovered the allure of the ocean for yourself! We’re not talking about meeting pirates or find gold doubloons on sunken ships, but luxuriating in the sheer bliss of sailing on a cruise liner. Whether you’re a stressed-out professional who hardly gets to see their partner on weekdays, a single person looking for romance and adventure, or a parent who’s longing for some family time with your children and spouse, there’s something about cruises that appeals to everyone! A cruise vacation is a wonderfully unique opportunity to experience the romance of the sea as well as the appeal of exotic destinations, and is a charming way to spend a few days of quality time with your partner. Most cruises pack so much into a couple of days—luxurious cabins, lazy walks on the deck, gourmet meals, entertainment shows, live bands, swimming pools complete with Jacuzzis, shopping and sight-seeing at exquisite ports—that the cruise is the perfect quick fix to chase your blues away, and have you walking on air for weeks to come! The two most popular cruise destinations from Chennai are Phuket and Colombo, both managed by the SuperStar Libra operators. We will write a custom essay sample on Cruise holidays (written for Punyabhumi Ltd) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Libra is a state-of-the-art ocean liner, touted as a world-class luxury floating resort where the service is warm and the accommodations elegant. The ship offers you all the facilities you would expect from a five-star resort: mouth-watering menus at every meal, internet access, medical care, shopping and even conference and meeting rooms for those workaholics who want to catch up with business as they relax! The liner has a breathtaking ten decks, with over seven hundred luxury cabins. It can accommodate over one thousand and four hundred passengers on a single cruise. There are rooms ranging from the aristocratic executive suites (Rs 21,999/- per night per passenger) to the ocean-view staterooms (ranging from Rs 7,200 to Rs 11,000 per night per passenger, depending on the kind of view available from each cabin) with a choice of cabins with portholes, so you can gaze at the dazzlingly-clear night sky as you drift off contentedly into sleep at night! ). The Libra also features several restaurants on board, each offering you a tastefully organized dining experience. Check out Coconut Willy’s, the poolside restaurant where you can lounge in your swimsuit and sample the delightful menu, or the Pool Bar, which is exclusively for drinks and enticing cocktails. For a more formal dining experience, visit the Saffron, which features traditional Indian vegetarian meals, including Jain cuisine; there is also the enchanting Four Seasons restaurant for those who prefer continental meals. If you’re taking the kids along, chances are you won’t be able to tear them away from the aptly-named Lickety Splits, the ice-cream bar straight out of a child’s version of paradise! And where do we even begin to describe the various entertainment rooms? There’s The Bollywood, which is the karaoke lounge; the Galaxy of the Stars, a cocktail lounge with a live band; the discotheque, Boomer’s; Video Planet, for those compulsive gamers who periodically feel the need to blast the stuffing out of animated villains, and much, much more! The Libra cruise to Phuket gives you three days and four nights of memorable sailing. This is a typical â€Å"high sea† cruise, meaning that it’s the closest thing to heaven for those who want nothing more than to bask in the enchantment that three continuous days of open water can give you! Phuket also offers you the delight of turquoise waters and exploration in its rustic villages. The Libra Chennai-Colombo cruise is for three days and two nights, which includes one complete day of the high sea experience. Indian Holiday Pvt Ltd organizes cruises for you, and online bookings are available at www. indianholiday. com. To book a cruise on the Libra, go to www. indianholiday. com/star-cruise-packages/star-cruise-libra. Indian Holiday organizes cruises from their Mumbai office only. To plan your cruise with a Chennai operator, contact Travel Air Madras, featured below. If you want a wider choice of destinations, check out the cruises that operate from Mumbai. As Ms Gupta from Travel Air Madras tells us, Mumbai is the most flourishing point of departure for cruises to ever-popular destinations such as Mauritius and Lakshadweep. The four-night Cochin/Goa cruise is an excellent option, which takes you from historical forts to ravishing beaches in the space of three days! This cruise operates between December and February, so plan your trip accordingly. February is the best time, neither harshly cold nor uncomfortably warm, and there is very little chance of stormy weather. The Lakshadweep/Goa cruise for four nights has two shore stops, Kadmat and Goa. Kadmat is an island paradise, just eight kilometres long and half a kilometre wide! If you’re the adventurous type, you can indulge in water sports like scuba-diving, parasailing, snorkeling and kayaking at Kadmat’s gorgeous lagoons, or if you’d prefer, just lie back and drink in the vivid blue of the ocean from one of the memorable glass-bottomed tourist boats! (Swimming skills are mandatory for all water sports, and children under fourteen years cannot participate in diving. The water at Kadmat is crystal clear, and you can gaze at the vibrant marine life up to a depth of an amazing fifty metres. This cruise operates four times a month between October and April every year. Travel Air Madras is a tour operator which plans your cruise right from booking your air tickets to Mumbai and finding you a cruise holiday to suit your tastes and requirements. Rates begin at approximately Rs 500 0/- per night per person (excluding taxes). The one- and two-night cruises on the Libra feature Goa as the most popular destination, while three-night cruises take you to Kadmat in Lakshadweep and bring you back. Rates are inclusive of three meals a day, access to the onboard swimming pool, Jacuzzi and gym, and live entertainment shows in exquisite lounge areas on the ship, which has a professional live band if you want to add to the music of the waves! Air Travel Madras also offers special seasonal discounts; for example, the Valentine’s Day discount is for cruises booked up to March 1st, and gives you an attractive 50% off on your partner’s fare. You read "Cruise holidays (written for Punyabhumi Ltd)" in category "Papers" To avail of this offer, you need to complete your cruise by April 14th. Call 2852-3095 or 2852-1623, or email Usha at u. k61@rediffmail. com for more details. If you want a less touristy cruise, you could also consider a river cruise to the enigmatic Sundarbans. Two luxury river launches, the M. V. Chitrarekha and the M. V. Madhukar, make weekly two-day trips which take you into the heart of the mangrove forests to observe the enchanting wildlife and drift al ong the delta created by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. Both ships include upper observation decks. The gourmet Bengali meals alone are worth the experience! Entertainment includes on-board dancing. The best time to take this river cruise is between September and March, when you also get the chance to see rare migratory birds. So leave your copy of Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide at home on your bookshelf, and witness the charms of the famed diving dolphins for yourself. You can even catch a glimpse of the Bengal tigers sunbathing on the banks! This cruise is operated by the government’s tourism department, and departs from Kolkata (just a couple of hours from Chennai by air). A two-day trip costs Rs 2500/- per passenger during the tourist season, and off-season rates are Rs 1175/- per passenger. You can book your ticket at the Bengal Tourism office located at 2, Brabourne Road, Kolkata. Call 033-2225-4565/8183/4723-25 or email dtwbtour@vsnl. net. Vivada Cruises has also introduced Sundarbans cruises from January 2007 with the luxury cruiser Paramahamsa, featuring three decks and over thirty elegant cabins, as well as restaurants, a gymnasium, and a library with internet connectivity. The package is priced at Rs 20,000 per passenger for the Luxury class, and Rs 15,000 per passenger for the Comfort class. For a fascinating voyage through a near-pristine land, book yourself on the Paramahamsa! With its contemporary interiors and tranquil ambience, the cruiser is also the perfect venue for business conferences and wedding receptions. Call 033-2463-1990/1/2/3 or email waterways@vivada. com or sunderbancruises@vivada. com. With Star Cruises, the world’s third largest cruise company, now operating in India, we now have local access to a special experience from our own ports which equal international standards of quality and luxury. A cruise is a wonderful experience at any time, but you may want to consider one to commemorate a special occasion such as your twenty-fifth wedding anniversary. For those who want to nudge their parents into rediscovering romance during a second honeymoon, a cruise holiday package is also a gift that your parents are sure to cherish forever! So if you’ve been thinking of stealing your spouse away from the routines of everyday life, or if you want to remember an unforgettable occasion in an exceptional way, consider treating yourself to this holiday experience like no other! Article 2: Fort St George (written for Ritz magazine) History in Our Own Backyard! Date: 20 February, 1640 A. D. Place: A small, nondescript fishing village on the Coromandel coast A small band of British soldiers land for the first time on the East Coast of India. Realizing quickly that they will need to work fast if they are to claim this territory before the French do, they set to work creating a garrison. They are hard-pressed for land, but a local farmer called Madrasan offers them the use of his banana grove. The Raja of Chandragiri, the last of the great rulers of the Vijayanagar empire, accedes to their request. Two months later, their military base is established and christened Fort St George. And thus, the city of Madras is born. They say that old buildings are silent, watchful observers of history. From the beginnings of the British Raj, this familiar fort has witnessed the evolution of one of India’s largest cities. Fort St George in Chennai has the somewhat dubious distinction of being the first fort that the British built in India. More importantly, however, the fort made the small settlement of Madraspatnam a flourishing port, and it’s not an exaggeration to say that had this fort not been built, Madras would not have developed into a city. Built a mere forty-four years after the East India trading company arrived in India in 1600 A. D. , Fort St George helped the British establish a stronghold on the east coast, and remains one of the most famous landmarks of the city. The fort was named after St George, the patron saint of England. The British used the fort as their main settlement in India until 1774, when they declared Calcutta as the seat of their administration. The fort not only helped the British establish a settlement in the small South Indian fishing village, but also to create a stronghold from which to defend themselves against the forces of the neighbouring kingdoms. Arcot and Srirangapatnam were not far away, and the French had taken Pondicherry. Had the British not built the fort, it may have proved difficult for them to establish their power in the south. Consequently, they invested much effort in fortifying the area. The fort is surrounded by walls that are over six metres high, as well as a formidable-looking moat. Although it’s tempting to think that vicious crocodiles once swam in the waters of the moat to terrorize the enemy, legend has it that the moat was created not so much to defend the fort as to keep inquisitive â€Å"natives† away from it. The British called the fort area their ‘White Town,’ as opposed to the ‘Black Town’ outside its walls, where the â€Å"coloured† people lived. Despite its name, the fort is not â€Å"really† a fort, but more a collection of buildings made by the British in the Neoclassical style, many of which were remodeled in subsequent times. Within a couple of decades after the fort was founded, St Mary’s Church also came to be erected within the fort area. The church, the oldest British one in India, is often described as the Westminster Abbey of the East. According to popular opinion, St Mary’s is also the oldest British church outside Europe. The church also found itself being used as a military dormitory for three brief years, when the French seized it from the British from 1746 to 1749. Don’t forget to take a peek into the visitor’s book when you visit—it still has comments dating back over a hundred years! Opposite the church are Clive House and Wellesley House, named after the respective governors who lived in them (Wellesley later went on to become the Duke of Wellington, and defeated Napoleon at Waterloo). Robert Clive was married in St Mary’s Church, as was Elihu Yale, the founder of Yale University. Yale, who was Governor of the city and is said to have made his fortune in India, had a 46-metre teak flagpole erected, from which it is believed that the Union Jack was unfurled for the first time in India. The pole was actually the mast of a ship that was wrecked in the seventeenth century. It still stands today, bearing, of course, a different flag! The original teak, however, was replaced with metal in 1994. This flagpole is the oldest in the country. Although the government has its Secretariat in the offices of Clive House, much of it is also a grand museum. The Fort Museum is open from 10 a. m. to 5 p. . on all days except Fridays, and includes ten galleries with relics from the British and French empires. The magnificent banqueting hall on the first floor has portraits of the earliest governors, and there are many remnants of the British era, including palanquins, coins, weapons, paintings and manuscripts. You can also see as large, imposing statue of Lord Cornwallis, as well as documents hand-written by Cornwallis and Clive. The statue depicts a sad scene: Tipu Sultan’s two young sons being handed over to the British because their father was unable to pay the large sum of money demanded by Cornwallis. Tipu Sultan’s cannons can be seen outside the museum. Both Aurangzeb and Hyder Ali also attacked the fort several times in the eighteenth century, but it was so well-fortified that they could not break its defences. The pentagon-shaped gun ramparts slope down to the moat, and were once connected to five drawbridges that led to the fort. These bridges have since been replaced by roads. From the first landing of the British to the tsunami, the fort has witnessed almost four centuries of Chennai’s history. Will it still be there in another four hundred years’ time, its walls as impassive and unchanged? One can only wonder! Article 3: Barry Burn Lodge, South Africa (written for a travel website) Barry Burn Lodge is situated in the gorgeous Lowveld area, a small, serene world of timeless beauty. Enjoy sunsets of unrivalled beauty. Fresh breezes greet each warm tropical day. In this tranquil spot, the altitude and the sun create the perfect tropical climate to vacation in! Some of Africa’s most memorable sights will delight you here. The estate is a stone’s throw away from the must-see Kruger National Park. The accommodation includes a stylish open-plan dining room and kitchen, fully operational for your culinary needs, and with the added convenience of a fridge, stove, microwave and dishwasher. Barry Burn Lodge also offers laundry services with a washing machine and tumble dryer. Relax at the well-furnished lounge and bar, equipped with a fireplace which creates a wonderfully cozy ambience on chilly evenings. The lounge opens out on to a beautiful sundeck with braai facilities, which is a magnificent setting in which to absorb the serene beauty of your surroundings, or to unwind after a hard day’s vacationing! Upstairs, discover the joys of a loft room with TV and M-Net (DSTV dish is available, but you need to carry your own decoder. The loft leads on to a charming balcony from which to enjoy a sundowner, with a fantastic panoramic view of the expansive, lush green fairways of the Golf Estate. The accommodation at Barry Burn Lodge includes 4 bedrooms, all with bathrooms en-suite, containing 2 double bedrooms with Queen size beds, as well as 2 bedrooms with 2 single beds in each. Bed linen and bath towels are available for your necessities. Please carry your own swimming towels. There are several delightful activities to enjoy in and around Barry Burn Lodge. Enjoy the facilities of a championship golf course, with its picturesque fairways, water obstacles, and vibrant bird life. Other sporting activities offered include tennis and squash arranged by the club. Barry Burn Lodge also invites you to revel in splendid and awe-inspiring scenic drives to historic places. Just a few of these historic places which can inspire and delight you are the Mac-Mac Falls, Graskop, Sodwana Caves, Pilgrim’s Rest, God’s Window, and Blyde River Canyon. The estate also shares a border with the remarkable Lake Longmere, where you can unwind as you indulge in fishing, boating, or even mountain biking. Visit Greenway Woods Resort and Conference Centre, eat out at Oliver’s Restaurant, or treat yourself to Casterbridge Farm, a homecraft, antique, museum and entertainment centre. Also very enjoyable is the Barnyard Theatre, 3 km towards White River town, where live shows are presented on most weekends – don’t miss it! The Riverside Mall/Casino, only a 20-minute drive from the Estate, is also worth a visit. How to cite Cruise holidays (written for Punyabhumi Ltd), Papers

Information System Management

Question: Describe about the Article for Information System Management. Answer: Introduction This report is aimed to perform an analysis to assess the impact of business intelligence and analytical tools for the improved decision making and knowledge management and to assess the challenges and the opportunities of non-relational and cloud database for an organization. Thus, the purpose of this report is to evaluate critically the role that has been played by the database systems and on how it is utilized as the source for the analytical tools as well as the business intelligence for the improved knowledge management system as well as improve decision making process. This report has also aimed to analyze the requirements of a company for storing data and data gathering. Background Information of the Company Hence, AVST has been considered to continue this report. Applied Voice and Speech Technologies is a trusted software-based Unified Communications (UC) solutions developer (Mysql 2016). This organization is capable of offering the best of breed solutions for its unmatched ability of interoperation with the broader range of the UC components from several leading vendors. The headquarter of the organization is situated in the Orange County, California. The specialization of AVST is creating business communication solutions for the government, small and large enterprises, hospitality market, healthcare and many more. CX-E or speech-enabledunified communicationsplatform is the main product of the organization. The organization now feels to increase the data handling capacity so that the organization can manage all its business properly. Capabilities of Database Management System Query Ability The process of making Query is the information to request attribute process from several combinations of parameters as well as various perspectives (Clifford et al., 2012). Replication and Backup The copies of the attributes require to be implemented in a regular basis in case the primary disks as well as the other equipment fails. The attributes periodic copy can also be implemented for a distant company that cant access readily the original. Database Management System generally gives the utilities for facilitating the process of disseminating and extracting the sets of attribute (Watanabe et al., 2013). Rule Enforcement One often wants for applying the rules to the attributes so that the attributes are reliable and clean. Security It is often desirable to the limit that can change or see which groups of attributes or the attributes itself. It can also directly be managed by individual or by the individuals assignment as well as the privileges to the groups or through the assignment of the groups to roles those are then granted entitlements (Selinger et al., 2012). Computation Some common computations are there which are requested on the attributes like cross-referencing, grouping, sorting, averaging, summing, counting and others (Chen, Chiang and Storey 2012). They can rely on the Database Management System for supplying such calculations rather than have every computer application implement these from scratch. Challenges and Benefits of Database Management System and AVST DBMS has several potential benefits. These are as follows: Legacy Call Processing: It is capable of replacing a legacy voice mail system. AVST was on the market at the time of purchasing the legacy system. It has the capacity of duplicating the functionality of the older legacy systems. IT Flexibility and Economics: It produces one of the most LAN-friendly products. It is because, the IT flexibility they provide is through the selection of process and configuration deployment management. Controlling Redundancy Every application has its own private files in the file system that cannot be shared among multiple applications. Often it can result in the considerable redundancy in the stored data that results in the storage places wastage (Luhn 2015). Most of these redundancies can be ignored by having a centralised database. Inconsistency Avoidance While the similar data is duplicated as well as the changes are implemented at the single site that is not broadcasted to the other end, thus, it can form an irrelevance as well as the two entities about the similar data would not agree (Han, Song and Song 2012). Data sharing the general data can be shared by various applications in the centralized Database Management System in comparison to the file system. Therefore, nowadays, applications can be implemented for operating against the similar data which are stored in the database. Enforcement of the Standard Standard can easily be enforced may be at the company level, International level, National Level and Departmental level as the DBMS is a central system. The standardized data is useful during interchanging or the migration of data. The challenges of DBMS are as follows: Complexity The functionality provision that is expected from a good DBMS makes the DBMS an extremely complicated piece of software. End-users, database administrators, developers as well as database designers must understand this functionality for taking complete benefit of it (Pakhira 2012). Failure for understanding the system can result in the bad decisions regarding design that can have serious issues for a company. The complexity with the system of AVST is manageable but it needs proper support of the stakeholders. Size The breadth and complexity of the functionality makes the Database Management System a huge piece of software, obtaining several megabytes of disk space as well as requiring the considerable amounts of memory for efficiently running. Performance A File Based System typically is a written for a particular application like invoicing. Performance is usually very good as a result. The access to the system is very quick and accurate but AVST can be creating issue. Nevertheless, the DBMS is written to be more general for catering for several applications rather than just one. Cost of DBMS The DBMS cost significantly varies based on the environment as well as provided functionality. The recurrent annual cost for maintenance is also there (Krishnamurthy et al., 2014). Extra Hardware costs The requirements for the disk storage in the DBMS as well as the database can necessitate the additional storage spaces purchase. Additionally, it may be necessary for purchasing a larger machine for achieving the required performance, perhaps even a machine dedicated to run the Database Management System. Conversion Cost The extra hardware and the cost of DBMS may be insightful in comparison to the cost to convert the existing applications for running on the new hardware as well as DBMS. Technical, Ethical and Legal Challenges Database Presents for an Information Systems Manager There can be several technical, ethical as well as legal challenges presented by the database faced by the Information System Manager. These are as follows: Privacy is a very serious concern for the Information Security Managers while using a particular database. The privacy issues can be taken place as per the legal as well as the ethical aspects (Reddy et al., 2014). The two major issues with the privacy of database are the proper security of the database itself as well as the ethical and legal implications of what should be stored on the databases in the first place. Information can often be leaked by the database due to some significant faults such as the SQL Injection. Another major ethical issue of the database is deciding which classifications of private as well as personal information; the information professional is entitled for gathering. The information accuracy can be another significant issue as per the ethical and legal viewpoint. This particular consequence is regarding the particular importance in cases where a particular information system manager is working with the personal data that can also have a direct impact on the professional like of that person. Security is another crucial challenge for the information security manager in an organization. While the data regarding some operation from a particular company database are leaked, thus it would result in a huge loss for that company (Pakhira 2012). This kind of issues can be occurred due to the unethical as well as illegal access within the company database and some technical difficulties as well. Thus, the ethical norms and values should be properly maintained and in order to do that specific effective and strict rules and regulations must be implemented within the organization. With the help of these rules and regulations, the unauthorized access in the database would be minimized. However, in order to mitigate the technical difficulties, people should be technologically sound to manage all the processes of managing, retrieving information in database. Taken as an example, the attacks such as DDoS can be a critical factor in terms of security. If a DDoS attacks starts it is very hard to overcame from it so AVST tries to avoid the attack as much as possible. It is done through bandwidth oversubscription. It suggests the organization to lease more bandwidth than needed so that the attacker cannot start the volumetric attack. Not only will this but the organization workers also be responsible for not accessing the sites that can contain spas and malware. Process of Using Database as the Source of Business Intelligence and Analytics Tools Business Intelligence and Analytics Tools are a kind of application software which is designed for retrieving, transforming, reporting as well as analyzing data for the business intelligence. The Business Intelligence Analytics tools leverage data as well as convert it to an actionable data that can be proved beneficial for the company. Hence, in case of AVST or Applied Voice and Speech Technologies, this company has utilized the database as the source for the business intelligence and analytical tools in order make improved decisions as well as knowledge management (Rivera 2014). Decision making as well as the knowledge management processes are the most crucial processes in the business operation of an organization. In case of decision, the act of selecting two or courses of action is very important. On the other hand, in knowledge management system, the process of sharing, using, developing as well as capturing organizational knowledge is important (Ferretti, Colajanni and Marchett i 2012). AVST is awash in data regarding their competitors, partners, suppliers, internal business processes, prospects as well as consumers and clients. However, with the help of the technology of the Business Intelligence tools, AVST enables the employees for transforming data into the information, client, staff, business pattern and many more, that would help their business in terms of building proper knowledge management system as well as making proper decisions regarding the information management through Database Management System. Non-relational databases and cloud databases Opportunities The cloud databases as well as non-relational databases have given AVST several opportunities in comparison to the utilization of the traditional database systems. In case of the non-relational databases can provide The opportunity of storing arrays in the JSON objects. It will assist in storing images, predictable relationships, audios, flat hierarchies. On the other hand, storing records in the similar collection that have several attributes or fields can be the other opportunity. In case of the cloud database, the usage of the cloud database has been advancing in recent days (Han, Song and Song 2012). There are several opportunities of using the cloud database. These are as follows: It can also increase the number of several opportunities like cost savings, as well as elasticity and scalability to the organization, AVST. The organization can allocate the saved capital in enhancing the core parts of the organization. Through increased scalability it can adjust itself as per the need of the market. On the other hand, it can also provide the opportunities of cost savings, disaster recovery, accessibility, bandwidth as well as usability. Challenges The non-relational databases as well as cloud database can result in several challenges to AVST as compared to the other traditional database systems (Bakalash et al., 2012). The cloud database can create several significant challenges for the company in terms of the usability of data, the access and modification of the data can be a critical task some times. bandwidth of data transmission, accessibility of data, security of the data as well as the software tools. On the other hand, in case of non-relational database, it does not treat operations automatically as transactions the way a relational database does. Therefore, the non-relational database has been proven time consuming for the organization. Conclusion The entire discussion made in this particular study has successfully covered all the capabilities as well as challenges of the database management in the context of a particular business scenario in AVST. The business intelligence will be responsible for examining the data in the database and producing the understandable information. From the gathered information from the business intelligence the analytical tools will be used so that a conclusion can be accomplished on the basis of the gathered information. This study has mainly established successfully the advantages of business intelligence and the analytical tools over the database management system that mainly helps in improving the knowledge management system and the process of decision making. On the other hand, this study has also successfully enlightened the opportunities and the challenges to AVST those are associated with the non-relational databases and the cloud databases. Thus, after analyzing all the issues, this study has also provided the feasible and significant resolving method to the company to overcome the problems raised in terms of database management system. Recommendations In order to rectify all the challenges associated with the Database Management System as well as non-relational and cloud database, AVST has to follow the possible and the most effective and useful techniques. These recommendations can be as follows: AVST first has to introduce the extraordinary data monitoring tools as well as to improvise the functionality of the remote DBA. In the current situation in AVST, the potential replication for the high availability is mandatory to be adopted in the organization in order maintains the Database Management System. With the help of the replication, high performance can be ensured from the database management side for the organization. The AVST is recommended to use more power sources. It also suggested to use a data recovery system and store the hardwire below the ground level as it is in a place where environmental disaster is common. This organization should also address the new cloud market. On the other hand, in order to prohibit the unethical access to the database, the organization should make their privacy norms and policy stricter. Reference List Bakalash, R., Shaked, G. and Caspi, J., Hyperroll and Israel Limited, 2012.Relational database management system having integrated non-relational multi-dimensional data store of aggregated data elements. U.S. Patent 6,385,604. Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., 2012. Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), pp.1165-1188. Clifford, P. and Bhandari, R., Clifford Paul Ian and Bhandari Rory Anthony, 2012.Database management system. U.S. Patent Application 10/488,592. Ferretti, L., Colajanni, M. and Marchetti, M., 2012. Supporting security and consistency for cloud database. InCyberspace Safety and Security(pp. 179-193). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Han, J., Song, M. and Song, J., 2012, May. A novel solution of distributed memory nosql database for cloud computing. InComputer and Information Science (ICIS), 2011 IEEE/ACIS 10th International Conference on(pp. 351-355). IEEE. Krishnamurthy, S., Thombre, N., Conway, N., Li, W.H. and Hoyer, M., Cisco Technology, Inc, 2014.Addition and processing of continuous SQL queries in a streaming relational database management system. U.S. Patent 8,745,070. Luhn, H.P., 2015. A business intelligence system.IBM Journal of Research and Development,2(4), pp.314-319. Mysql.com. (2016).MySQL :: AVST UC Solutions Provide High Availability, Real-Time Performance and Lower Costs with MySQL. [online] Available at: https://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/case-studies/avst-uc-solutions-provide-high-availability-mysql.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Pakhira, M.K., 2012.Database Management System. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Peltier, T.R., 2013.Information security fundamentals. CRC Press. Reddy, T.B.K., Thomas, A.D., Stamatis, D., Bertsch, J., Isbandi, M., Jansson, J., Mallajosyula, J., Pagani, I., Lobos, E.A. and Kyrpides, N.C., 2014. The Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD) v. 5: a metadata management system based on a four level (meta) genome project classification.Nucleic acids research, p.gku950. Rivera, J., 2014. Gartner s 2014 Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies Maps the Journey to Digital Business. Gartner Newsroom, pp.20142016. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2819918. Selinger, P.G., Astrahan, M.M., Chamberlin, D.D., Lorie, R.A. and Price, T.G., 2012, May. Access path selection in a relational database management system. InProceedings of the 1979 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data(pp. 23-34). ACM. Watanabe, Y., Tanaka, K. and Hayata, H., Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd., 2013.Database management system. U.S. Patent 6,016,490.

Why I Want to Go to SVA free essay sample

In the beginning, when I first came to SVA open house, I didn’t know what to expect. I didn’t really know much about the school was it had the Cartooning major I desperately want. As the presentation for the Cartooning and Illustration majors began†¦oh man, immediately, I felt connected. My eyes sparkled and I grinned big and wide! I loved every minute of the presentations. I got a feeling I had not felt in a long time: the feeling of motivation and desire. I first felt it when I entered my high school, School of the Arts, because I was ready to improve my art skills and learn extensively about art. Now, when I think about SVA, I get that feeling again—it sends chills down my back because I am so excited to at the thought of exploring cartooning at SVA. I truly love graphic novels. As a child, I went to different libraries every week to check out as many graphic novels I could. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Want to Go to SVA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lugging bags and bags of graphic novels up the stairs in my house, I would read all of them. I would organize them by volumes, put them in separate piles, and read them at late night, much to my mother’s dismay. I looked up to (and still do!) to many graphic novelists and wanting to draw my own comics. That was the inspiration for me—I started to draw and create my own art because of the graphic novels. This is what has led me to want to apply for Cartooning major and possibly minor in Illustration major at SVA—I want a good foundation in cartooning so I can prepare for the industry and professional jobs. Lastly, when I have my life settled in, I can get a start in my dream: to publish a graphic novel that is inclusive of all people of different races, genders, and sexualities. I feel that SVA is a perfect for me. It has an excellent cartooning and illustration programs, which I love, and an honors program to deepen students’ perspective of art, which I want. SVA also has teachers who are working artists. I consider this very valuable to me because of their work experience and advice can help me in my goals to become a professional artist. SVA is also in the best urban location—NYC! Everything I wanted and could ever dare to dream is in SVA, and this is the perfect start for me to finally accomplish my dream of becoming a graphic novelist.

Opposing Genetically Modified Organisms essays

Opposing Genetically Modified Organisms essays As a result of biotechnology and its wake of controversy that follows, a number or organizations have voiced their concerns toward the corporate driven discipline. As a product of biotechnologies carelessness, or motives, activist groups have risen throughout the world opposing the novelty of genetically modified organisms. The intent of biotech companies is to market and eventually sell these innovations, eventually increasing their profits and stock prices so new products can be funded while the shareholders line their pockets. Opposing organizations which see biotechnologies incentives as a danger to society and the many other life forms that exist on our planet interrupts such a process. Greenpeace is perhaps the biggest organization in opposition to genetically modified organisms. Greenpeace is an international environmental organization which fights to help protect and restore the environment. It is currently involved in a number of areas including; climate, toxics, nuclear, oceans, ocean dumping, forests and the somewhat novel area of genetic engineering. According to Greenpeace, genetically modified organisms must not be released in the environment, as the consequences for the environment and evolution are unpredictable and irreversible (Greenpeace, 2000). Once released, the new living organisms made by genetic engineering are able to interact with other forms of life, reproduce, transfer their characteristics and mutate in response to environmental influences. In most cases they can never be recalled or contained. Any mistakes or undesirable consequences could be passed on to all future generations of life. Greenpeace addresses facts like these on their website, adding that the introduction of foreign species is a major cause of ecological disruption and erosion of biodiversity. For example, in the United States alone, 42% of the species on the threatened or endangered species list are at risk primarily because of...

Law, Ethics, and Corporate Governance Assignment

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Litriture - Essay Example He was persistent in his belief that they should not surrender to Xerxes and that the Spartan army will endure the faith that awaits them for the glory of Greece. He believed enough in his strategy that though he was defeated in the end it marked an awakening among the Grecians to fight the Persians and eventually yield to the same belief that Leonidas figured early on. The same courage was also apparent to Achilles who remained unfazed even to his death. Achilles holds a diverse type of courage which is almost borderline arrogance but it is not without precedence as he is close to an immortal and he is aware of it. Though he knew of the prophecy of his death in the Trojan War he still joined the war that brought him to his end. Charisma is also important. It is almost impossible to concretely define what charisma is but it is a characteristic that is common among heroes. They are able to influence and move their followers into action not because of fear but because of the charisma that they have over people. Looking upon it, why would 300 men join Leonidas even though they are aware that it will cause their families mourning? It is because of charisma. Not because they are afraid but because they believed in his abilities and they are inclined to his persona. The mere fact that one can be associated with Achilles is a sign of his own charisma. These heroes exude something that transcends confidence and draws in followers. Love, that all encompassing emotion manifests itself despite and because of heroic films. It holds many variations and it is not limited to the romantic type or the ideal that we so often see. It endears us to the characters of the stories and it humanizes the heroes that even as they come to their tragic ends, we are instilled with the grief that we feel due to the love that they have revealed through the course of their stories. The movie 300

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Factors affecting employee commitment

Factors affecting employee commitment Over the last ten years, the study of commitment has advanced in many different directions. A variety of disciplines have adopted the topic as a theme in their research and these have offered fresh and significant insights. These recent advances include new approaches to both the conceptualization of employee commitment and the particular human resource practices intended to increase it. Current research concerning employee commitment highlights the pitfalls of viewing commitment as a one-dimensional construct that can be enhanced by a particular human resource policy. This assumes that a particular practice, for example offering flexible working arrangements or more training, will have a significant and beneficial effect on employee commitment. Unfortunately, in practice it is not that simple because there is no single solution. All employees wants and needs cannot be addressed by a single policy. The effective functioning of an organization highly depends on the commitment of its employees. In fact, the commitment of employees may be a key factor that determines the success of a company in the modern world since, in the situation of the growing competition and the constant implementation of new technologies a company needs to have well-qualified and reliable personnel to maintain its position in the market. At the same time, the effectiveness and productivity of work of employees still remain the major factors that can contribute to the progress of the company. On the other hand, nowadays it is obvious that financial stimuli solely can hardly motivate employees to work more effectively and productively. In such a situation, employees commitment turns to be of a paramount importance since it is due to the high commitment of employees they can perform positive results of their work, increase its effectiveness and productivity, while low commitment leads, as a rule, to poor results of the functioning of the entire organization. DEFINATION OF TERMS. COMMITMENT Meyer Allen 2001 define commitment as is a stabilizing force that acts to maintain behavioural direction when expectancy/equity conditions are not met and do not function. An obliging force which requires that the person honor the commitment even in the face of fluctuating attitudes and whims. (Brown 1996) The relative strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization (Mowday et al 1979) According to Salancik (1977) commitment is a state of being in which an individual becomes bound by his action to beliefs that sustain his activities and his own involvement Allen meyer,1990, commitment is a psychological state that binds the individual to the organization. EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT It is the psychological bond of an employee to an organization, the strength of which depends on the degree of employee involvement, employee loyalty and belief in the values of the organization. As defined by Poter (1974) Employee commitment is the relative strength of the individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization. It consists of three factors:A strong desire to remain a member of the organization; A strong belief in, and acceptance of, the values and goals of the organization A readiness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization MODELS OF COMMITMENT A THREE MODEL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ORGANIZATION COMMITMENT. This model of organizational commitment model was developed by Meyer and Allen. According to the model, organizational commitment reflects at least three general themes. 1.Affective commitment to the organization 2.Continuance Commitment The perceived cost associated with leaving it 3.Normative Commitment- The obligation to remain with it. Affective Commitment Its the employees emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization. Employees with a strong affective commitment continue employment with the organization because they want to. Continuance Commitment The individual commits to the organization because he/she perceives high costs of losing organizational membership including economic costs (such as pension accruals) and social costs (friendship ties with co-workers) that could be incurred. The employee remains with the organization because he/she has to. I t refers to an awareness of the costs associated with leaving the organization. The potential cost of leaving an organization include the threat of wasting the time and effort spent acquiring non transferable skills, losing attractive benefits, giving up seniority based privileges or having to uproot family and disrupt personal relationships. It also develops as a result of lack of alternative employment opportunities. Employees in this category remain because they need to. NORTMATIVE COMMITMENTS Refers to a feeling of obligation to continue employment . Employees in this category remain in the organization because they feel they ought to. Organization can develop normative commitment by providing reward in advance e.g. paying college tuition. Normative pressures may also make an individual feel that they ought to remain within the organization. Acknowledging these investments makes employees feel a sense of obligation to reciprocate by committing themselves to the organization until the debt has been paid . One important point is that not all forms of employee commitment are positively associated with superior performance (Meyer Allen, 1997). For example, an employee who has low affective and normative commitment, but who has high continuance commitment is unlikely to yield performance benefits. The main reason such an employee remains with an organisation is for the negative reason that the costs associated with leaving are too great. THE HIGH COMMITMENT MODEL. ( IN STRATEGIC HRM.) This model embraces workforce commitment and identification with the organizations values and goals. The main features of high commitment model are 1. Development of career ladders and emphasis on trainability and commitment as highly characteristic of employees at all levels in the organization. 2. A high level of functional flexibility with the abandonment of potentially rigid job descriptions. 3. The reduction of hierarchies and the ending of status differentials. 4. Heavy reliance on the team structure for dissemination of information (team building) structure work and problem solving. 5. Job design as something management consciously does in order to provide jobs which have a considerable level of intrinsic motivation. 6. A policy of no compulsory layoff or redundancies and use of permanent employee with possible use of temporary workers to cushion fluctuation in the demand for labour. 7. New forms of assessment and pay system and more specifically merit pay profit sharing 8. A high involvement of employees in the management of quality. CONCEPTUALISATION OF COMMITMENT: MODEL DEVELOPED BY OREILLY AND CHATMAN. (1986) OReilly and Chatman(1986) developed their multidimensional framework on the basis of the assumption that commitment represents an attitude towards the organization. For them, commitment takes on three distinct forms, which they labeled 1. Compliance 2. Identification 3. Internalization Compliance occurs when attitudes and corresponding behaviors are adopted in order to gain specific rewards. E.g being very considerate towards people so that you get that promotion Identification occurs when an individual accepts influence to establish or maintain a satisfying relationship Relationship / Internalization occurs when influence is accepted because the attitudes and behaviors one is being encouraged to adopt are congruent with existing values. Employees thus become committed to organizations which they share value e.g. an organization that encourages integrity is likely to win the commitment of an individual who believes in integrity. TYPES OF COMMITMENT . OMalley (2000) contends that a review of the commitment literature produces five general factors which relate to the development of employee commitment: Affiliative Commitment: An organizations interests and values are compatible with those of the employee, and the employee feels accepted by the social environment of the organization. Associative Commitment: Organizational membership increases employees self-esteem and status. The employee feels privileged to be associated with the organisation. Moral Commitment: Employees perceive the organization to be on their side and the organization evokes a sense of mutual obligation in which both the organization and the employee feel a sense of responsibility to each other. This type of commitment is also frequently referred to in the literature as Normative Commitment. Affective commitment: Employees derive satisfaction from their work and their colleagues, and their work environment is supportive of that satisfaction. Some researchers (eg Allen Meyer, 1991) suggest that this is the most important form of commitment as it has the most potential benefits for organizations. Employees who have high affective commitment are those who will go beyond the call of duty for the good of the organization. In recent literature this form of commitment has also been referred to as engagement and is the form of commitment that is most usually measured by organizations. Structural commitment: Employees believe they are involved in a fair economic exchange in which they benefit from the relationship in material ways. There are enticements to enter and remain in the organization and there are barriers to leaving. This type of commitment is also frequently referred to in the literature as Continuance Commitment. FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT. The workplace is a dynamic field and to remain competitive, employee commitment is important..The following factors affect employee comittemnt: Workplace values. If employees believe that their organization values quality products they will engage in behaviors that will contribute to high quality. If employees are convinced that their organization values participation they will be more likely to feel as though their participation will make a difference. They will thus be motivated and be more willing to seek solutions and make suggestions to contribute to the organization success. Subordinate supervisor interpersonal relationship. Supervisors behavior include sharing appropriate information, allowing mutuality of influence, recognizing and rewarding good performance and not abusing the vulnerability of others . The extent to which the supervisor displays these behaviors will thus largely determine subordinate commitment level Job characteristics. The extent that a job is structured to provide regular feedback and autonomy as well as a sense of task completion An increase in perceived control strengthens emotional bonds with an organization. A heightened sense of personal control has a positive consequence for employees attitudes and behaviors at work. When tasks are Intrinsically satisfying, employees tend to be more committed. Commitment is low when employees are given repetitive routine tasks to complete. A job that allows a high degree of autonomy and the absence of close supervision increases commitment. Demographics AGE. A range of demographic variables have been found to be related to employee commitment (Mathieu Zajac, 1990). For a variety of reasons, age has been found to be a positive predictor of employee commitment. As Mathieu Zajac (1990) suggest, the older employees become, the less alternative employment options are available. As a result, older employees may view their current employment more favourably. Dunham et al. (1994) suggest older employees may be more committed because they have a stronger investment and greater history with their organization. GENDER: With regard to gender, a number of studies (eg Mathieu Zajac, 1990) have reported women as being more committed than men. This is typically explained by women having to overcome more barriers than men to get to their position in the organization. MARITAL STATUS Marital status has also been shown to relate to commitment, with married employees usually showing more commitment (Mathieu Zajac, 1990). However, it is suggested that the reason for this is because married employees will typically have greater financial and family responsibilities, which increases their need to remain with the organization. Note, however, that this refers to structural commitment (or continuance commitment) in that the cost associated with leaving the organization increases commitment to the organization. As mentioned previously, structural commitment does not necessarily relate to increased performance. Recruitment Procedures OMalley (2000) suggests that organizations need to pay more attention to addressing employees social need to affiliate and belong, in order to create commitment, the organization must have the right sort of employees in the first instance. Employees feelings of belonging start to develop long before employees join the organization. The following information should be shared with employee to enhance commitment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ share details about the organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ provide employees with help and support throughout the recruitment and selection process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ convey the interests and values that the organization shares with employees. Organizations need to be attractive to the right sort of people; thus the initial contact between the organization and the prospective candidate is very important. DEVELOPING AN EMPLOYER BRAND. As Troy (1998) points out, increasingly organizations are attempting to communicate with prospective employees in a coherent manner by developing an employer brand The brand should condense the basic nature of the organization, what its values are and what it would be like to work there. The principal purpose of the brand is to efficiently bring employers and employees together in order to establish a relationship. Thus, a good brand should convey both the unique benefits of the organizational environment and the type of person who is likely to do well in that setting. The organization must then ensure that it delivers these promises to its employees, or its efforts will have been wasted. Employers should, therefore, devote a portion of the selection process to assessing cultural fit. Met Expectations Employees will be more committed if there is a good match between what the person is looking for in a job, and what the job provides . Commitment will be greater when employees experiences on the job match their expectations. Unmet expectations are a source of low morale and dissatisfaction. Such expectations usually relate to the type of work employees are given to do and the opportunities they receive for training and development. Factors affecting commitment. By Kochan and dyan as cited by Armstrong 2005. 1. Strategic level -supportive business strategies -Top management value of commitment -Effective voice of HR in strategy making Supportive business strategies may include activities that increase employee involvement thus reinforcing commitment. When top management is commited to its employees the employees too become commited. Fair human resource policies e.g a policy of promotion based on merit will also increase commitment 2. Hr policy level -staffing based on employment stabilization investing on training and development -continent compensation that reinforces cooperation Training increases employees efficiency making them more commited because they enjoy what they do.(Affective commitment) 3. Workplace level Selection based on high standards -Job design and team work -employee involvement in problem solving -climate of cooperation and trust. Selecting people with the right skills for a job will ensure that the employee remains commited as they will be efficient in their duties. Efficiency increases commitment. Designinh jobs e.g allowing flexi time,job enlargement,job enrichment and job rotation ensures that monotony is kept at bay and commitment is enhanced Other factors that affect employee commitment by Purcell et al (2003 in Armstrong ,2005) include i. Received training last year ii. Are satisfied with career opportunities iii. Are satisfied with performance appraisal system Think managers are good in people management (Leadership) v. Find work challenging vi. Think their form helps them achieve a work-life balance vii. Are satisfied with communication or company performance Benefits of employee commitment High level of employee commitments means that employees are really enthusiastic about their job and, their performance will be better as well as the effectiveness and productivity of their work higher. Employee commitment also evokes a profound interest of an employee to his/her work. This means that he/she enjoys the job he/she does. Consequently, the level of employees satisfaction will be high if they are really committed to their work. Employee commitment may be also cost saving since committed employees are highly motivated that means that they do not need increasing financial rewards for their work, though it does not necessarily mean that employees should not receive financial rewards at all, but the expenses of the organization at this point may decrease. The performance benefits accrued from increased employee commitment have been widely demonstrated in the literature. To list but a few, these include: i. increased job satisfaction (Armstrong 2005) ii. increased job performance (Mathieu Zajac, 1990) iii. increased total return to shareholders . iv. increased sales (Barber et al., 1999) v. decreased employee turnover (Cohen, 1991) decreased intention to leave decreased intention to search for alternative employers (Cohen, 1993) vii. decreased absenteeism (Cohen, 1993, Barber et al. 1999) Employee commitment should be viewed as a business necessity. Organizations who have difficulty in retaining and replacing competent employees will find it hard to optimize performance. There are not only the immediate expenses of the recruitment process, but other hidden costs such as management time and lost productivity as new employees take time to become effective in their roles. Commitment also has the following effects: 1. I t results in self directed( self initiave) application to do the job 2. regular attendance, 3. nominal supervision 4. a high level of effort 5. it increases the intention to stay- loyalty NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LOW EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT. Low commitment of employees may lead to negative results and undermine the normal functioning of an organization or, at any rate, decrease the effectiveness of work of employees considerably. The low employee commitment has a number of disadvantages which deteriorate the work of each employee and the entire organization (OMalley 2000). Low commitment leads to the low level of interest of employees in their work. Consequently, if employees are not sufficiently interested in their work they will naturally work worse than they can. In other words, the low commitment decreases the effectiveness and productivity of work for employees are not really interested in their work and its outcomes. Naturally, in such a situation, they can hardly be interested in a positive performance of the organization they work for. MEASURING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT . This can be done through an attitude survey, employee satisfaction survey, employee commitment survey and performance appraisals. Questioners are usually administered to collect relevant data that management later uses when deciding ways of increasing employee commitment. Sample of a questioner attached(Annex 1) WAYS OF ENHANCING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT Organizations can use various strategies to increase employee commitment. This strategies include: Induction and Training The induction programme should be the final step of the recruitment and selection process. A good induction programme will make new employees more familiar with and more at ease within the organization. Employees enter the organization with an assumption of compatibility and should be welcomed. Relationships with Managers This refers to how the quality of the relationship between managers and their employees relates to the development of commitment. Employees commitment reflects their day to day contacts with their line managers about their job, and the way in which objective targets are set. Effective communication on job-related issues is a key ingredient in securing individual performance. To a great extent, individual line managers are responsible for ensuring that these maintenance behaviours occur. With poor management, the most well developed organizational programme can break down at the point of transmission. Relationships with Colleagues Emotional attachment to colleagues in the workplace is an important element of commitment, though It is not enough on its own. Unless there is occasion for frequent and rewarding interaction, stronger feelings of belonging that can bind employees to the organization are unlikely to emerge. Organizations that want to build high levels of commitment should look for ways to build this through group activities both in and out of work Group Membership To build commitment, being a member of a particular organization must not only satisfy employees social need to affiliate and belong, but must also create a sense of collective identity that differentiates the group from other organizations. There are many situational features that contribute to a sense of group membership. The more exposure that employees have to these features, the more likely they will be to feel like a part of the group and to incorporate that membership into their concept of who they are. Organizational Justice and Trust It is also argued that employees evaluate their experiences at work in terms of whether they are fair and reflect a concern on the part of the organization for the well- being of the employees (Meyer, 1997). Treating employees fairly, communicates the message that management is commitment to the employees. This suggests that organizations wanting to foster greater commitment from their employees must first provide evidence of their commitment to their employees. When there is trust, employees are willing to suspend judgement and defer to the authority of others. In addition, trust permits organizational flexibility because a payback need be neither immediate nor of equivalent value. OMalley (2000) identifies four areas in which employees sense of trust in the employer can be increased: i. Growth: As most employees want to be more proficient in their job, a good way to instil trust is to attend to employees development needs. ii. Work-Life balance: Most employees would like organizations to allow greater personal time when needed. iii. Individual accommodation: Acts of organizational flexibility or benevolence toward employees. iv. Health and Safety: Organizations that are committed to protecting employees health and safety are more likely to be trusted Promotion Policies and practices concerning promotion can also affect commitment. . Among those who are considered for promotion, the outcome of the decision is likely to have an effect on commitment. But, for some, the perception of fairness in the decision-making process might be even more important. This suggests that organizations should communicate clearly how their decisions were made and why those who did not succeed were not suitable. Work-Life Balance A key issue emphasized by research, especially in recent years, is the extent to which employees perceive they are able to achieve the right balance between home and work. Organizations are beginning to recognize this, and are making more concerted efforts to introduce a host of programmes intended to ease employees burdens. These include initiative such as: flexible work arrangements; child care; time off policies; elderly care; healthcare; information and counseling; and convenience services to name but a few. Job Satisfaction How happy an employee is in a job has profound effects on behaviour and commitment. In relation to commitment, job satisfaction and work-life satisfaction are very important. Job satisfaction is an enormous area; however, to be concise a satisfying job typically has three properties: i. It has intrinsically enjoyable features: Mathieu Zajac (1990) found that the strongest correlation with commitment were obtained for job characteristics, particularly job scope (enrichment). ii. It provides an opportunity for growth and development. iii. It makes employees feel effective in their roles (that they can positively influence organizational outcomes). Pay and Reward As mentioned previously, employees may remain with an organization because there are constraints against leaving and incentives for staying. It is important for organizations to structure the economics of the relationship in a way that will not obstruct commitment. One of the reasons to stay in a relationship is because it makes sense economically. Pay makes continuation of the employment relationship worthwhile because there is mutual dependence. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT Schein cited by (Armstrong 2005) defines commitment as attachment and loyalty Psychological contract is the degree people are committed to the organization (Schein 1965). It depends on 1. The degree to which their own expectations of what the organization will provide to them and what they owe the organization in return matches what the organization expectations are of what it will give and get in return The nature of what is actually to be exchanged e.g. money in exchange for time at work , social need satisfaction and security in exchange for hard work and loyalty Armstrong (2004) defines psychological contract as a system of beliefs which encompasses on one hand the actions employees belief are expected of them and what response they expect in return from their employer and on the other hand the behavior employers expect from their employees. It is implicit and dynamic ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT IN DEVELOPING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT, (ARMSTRONG) 2005 1. During recruitment interviews present the unfavorable as well as the favorable aspects of a job in a realistic job preview.- This will enable the candidate have a clear and achievable expectation of the organization and thus avoid setting very high expectations that the organization is unable to meet,leading to low / decreased commitment 2. In induction programmes communicate to new starters the organizations personnel policies and procedures and its core values indicating to them the standards of performance expected this enables them to remain committed in achieving the expected performance 3. Issue and update employee hand books and intranet entries which reinforce the message delivered in induction programmes. 4. Develop performance management process plans which spell out how continued improvement of performance can be achieved mainly by self managed learning 5. Use training and management development programmes to underpin values that define performance expectations. 6. Ensure thorough manager and team leader training that managers and team leaders understand their role in managing the employment relationship through such processes as performance management and team leadership managers should be very committed so as to pass the same message of commitment to employees. 7. Encourage a maximum amount of contact between managers and team leaders and their team members to achieve mutual understanding. 8. Adopt a general policy of transparency ensuring that on all matters which affect them employees know what is happening and the impact it will make on their employment 9. Develop personal procedures covering grievance handling, discipline , promotion and redundancy. Ensure they are implemented fairly and consistently. 10. Develop and communicate personnel policies covering the major areas of employment, development, reward and employee relations DEVELOPING HR PRACTICES THAT ENHANCE COMMITMENT. According to Armstrong 2005 the following ten (10) practice contribute to increase of employee commitment. 1.Advise in methods of communicating the values and aims of management and achievements of the organization, so that employees are more likely to identify with it as one they are proud to work for. 2.Emphasize to management that commitment is a two way process employees cannot be expected to be committed to the organization unless management demonstrates that it is committed to them. 3.Impress on the management the need to develop a climate of trust by being honest with people, treating them fairly justly and consistently, keeping its word and showing willingness to listen to the comments and suggestions made by employees 4.Develop a positive psychological contract by treating people as stakeholders rely on consensus and cooperation rather than control and coercion and provision of opportunities for learning and career progression. 5.Advise on and assist in the establishment of partnership agreements with trade unions which emphasiz

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